天津市武清区杨村第四中学2024届高考英语一轮复习语法专题九《正反解读动词的时态和语态》课件外研版
规则3:被动语态与系表结构的区别。被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如: The plate was broken by the cat.(被动语态) How did this dish get broken?(系表结构)
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反面解读 反面解读 1.—Hi, Lucy, you look tired. —I'm really tired. I the living room all day. A.painted
B.had painted C.have been painting
D.have been painted 【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别,而误选D。 【正】 C [解析] C项是现在完成进行时态,表示过去发生的动作持续到现在并有可能会继续下去。这一点是从时间状语all day(整天)看出来的。
反面解读 2.Nancy is not coming tonight. But she !(promise) 【误】 has promised 【正】 promised
[解析] 南希“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去,是过去作出的承诺,前文已告诉我们“她不来了”,因此诺言已跟现在没有关系,只是过去的一个动作。
反面解读 3.托尼给我打电话时,我刚完成工作,要开始洗澡。 【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. [解析] 从关键信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时,was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作;而started表示“开始了”。
反面解读 4.I don't really work here; I until the new secretary arrives. A.just help out
B.have just helped out C.am just helping out
D.will just help out 【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响,而误选A。 【正】 表示“我”现在只是在临时帮忙,是现阶段正在进行的动作,选C。 [解析] 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态,而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。
反面解读 5.很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。 【误】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now.
[解析] 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整,不能遗漏其中的助动词,导致时态错误。
反面解读 形式 变化规则 构成方法 例词 原形 see, finish, teach 第七讲 动词的时态和语态
动词的时态
一、动词的基本形式 形式 变化规则 构成方法 例词 第三人 称单数 形式
一般情况
加-s
look—looks, write—writes
以 ch, sh, s, x 结尾
加-es
teach—teaches, finish—finishes,
guess—guesses, mix—mixes
以 o 结尾
加-es
do—does, go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变 y 为 i,加-es
try—tries, cry—cries
过去式、
过去分
词规则
变化
一般情况
加-ed
stay—stayed, look—looked
以不发音 e 结尾
直接加-d
decide—decided, hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾,末
尾只有一个辅音字母
双写末尾的辅
音字母再加-ed
stop—stopped, admit—admitted
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变 y 为 i,加
-ed
carry—carried, try—tried 现在 分词
一般情况
加-ing
go—going, read—reading
以不发音 e 结尾
去 e,再加-ing
have—having, write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾,末
尾只有一个辅音字母
双写末尾的辅
音字母再加-ing
cut—cutting, run—running 续表 时态 构成 常用时间状语 一般现在时
动词原形(第三人称单数)
always, usually, often, sometimes,
every..., twice a week 等 一般过去时
动词过去式
yesterday, the day before yesterday,
the other day, last..., ...ago 等 一般将来时
will (shall)+动词原形
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
next..., in...等
be going to+动词原形
be about to+动词原形
be to+动词原形 过去将来时
would+动词原形
多用于间接引语的宾语从句中 将来进行时
will (shall)+be+现在分词
at eight (this time) tomorrow 等 现在进行时
am (is, are)+现在分词
时间状语 now, during these days,
或 look, listen 等引起注意的词语 过去进行时
was (were)+现在分词
at eight (this time) yesterday 等 现在完成时
have (has)+过去分词
already, just, yet, since..., for...等 过去完成时
had+过去分词
by..., before...等 现在完成进 行时
have (has)+been+现在分词
for..., since...等 二、常用的10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表 三、注意以下几种时态的区别
1.一般过去时和现在完成时 (1)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,常与表过去 的时间状语连用,即仅谈过去,不关现在。如: I went to swim yesterday.昨天我去游泳了。
(2)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在造成的
影响,与现在有联系,可能刚结束,也可能继续下去。不能与
表过去的时间状语连用,译成汉语时可加“已经”。如: I have spent all of my money, so I have no money to buy a ticket.我已经花掉了所有的钱,所以我没钱买票了。 2.一般过去时和过去进行时 (1)一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。如:
It rained heavily last night.昨晚雨下得很大。 (2)过去进行时侧重于强调在过去某个特定时间某动作的 持续过程或表示动作正在进行。如: It was raining cats and dogs last night.
昨晚一直在下着倾盆大雨。 3.现在完成时和现在完成进行时 (1)现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。如:
I have read that book.我已经读了那本书。 (2)现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延 续性。如: I have been reading that book all the morning.
今天早上我一直在读那本书。 动词的语态 一、概念
动词的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示
主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如: 全世界的人都在讲英语。 People speak English all over the world.(主动语态)
English is spoken all over the world.(被动语态) 常用被 动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 一般现在时
am/is/are asked
现在完成时
have/has been asked 一般过去时
was/were asked
过去完成时
had been asked 一般将来时
will/shall be asked
过去将来时
should/would be
asked 现在进行时
am/is/are being
asked
过去将来完成
时
should/would have
been asked 过去进行时
was/were being
asked
含有情态动词
can/must/may...be
asked 二、动词的被动语态构成(以ask为例) 注意: 1.被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not。 2.短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介、副词。 3.固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被 动语态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。
4 .It is said/believed/supposed/reported that..., It is generally
considered
that...,
It
is
well-known
that... 等 , 及 It
must
be
admitted/pointed out that...等结构中的动词常以被动形式出现。 5.以下主动形式常表被动意义: The bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
这辆自行车需要修理。 The film is worth seeing.这部电影值得看。
The door won't shut/open.这门不能关/开。
The play won't act.这部戏不会上演。
The clothes wash well.这件衣服很好洗。
The book sells well.这本书很畅销。 The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来很美味。 6.以下单词或短语没有被动语态:happen, appear, become, last,
cost,
occur,
lack,
fit,
mean,
join,
equal,
fail,
enter,
have,
contain, belong to, take place, break out, come about, consist of, lose heart, keep up with 等。 规则6:下列句型中常用现在完成时: (1)It is (has been)+一段时间+since从句(过去时) (2)This (That/It) is the first (second…) time that+现在完成时 (3)This(That/It)is the only…+that+现在完成时 (4)This(That/It)is the best/finest/most interesting…+that+现在完成时
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规则7:现在完成时对应的时间状语:
recently, lately, up to/till now, so far,
in the past/last few months/years…,
for+时间段, since+时间点等。
► 考点四 一般过去时(-ed或不规则变化) 规则1:一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯动作或状态;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。如: I met her in the street yesterday. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
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规则2:
如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。如: He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 规则3:表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, etc. The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
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规则4:用于I didn’t realize, I didn‘t know…或 I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情。如: I didn't know you were here.(现在已经知道) Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了) 规则5:一般过去时所对应的时间状语常见的有:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
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► 考点五 过去进行时(was/were+v.-ing) 规则1:表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。如: He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
规则2:表示一个动作在另一个过去动作发生时进行。如: They were still working when I left.
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规则3:指两个过去正在进行的动作同时发生。如:
I was writing while he was watching TV. 规则4:过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。如:
He said (that) she was arriving the next day. 规则5:与always, often, forever, constantly, continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。如: Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others instead of thinking of himself.
规则6:过去进行时可用来描绘故事发生时的背景。如: The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 规则7:过去进行时对应的时间状语常见的有:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
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► 考点六 过去完成时(had+v.-ed) 规则1:在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。如: By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
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规则2:表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态,即“从过去到过去”。如: When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour. 规则3:表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去时接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned…+to have done。如: I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 规则4:表示“一……就……”的几个句型: hardly/scarcely…when (before)…;no sooner…than… We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
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规则5:It/That/This was the first (second,third…)time that…(从句中用过去完成时态)。如: It was the second time that he had been out with her.
规则6:过去完成时对应的时间状语常见的有:before, by the end of last month/years…等。
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► 考点七 一般将来时(will/shall/be going to do) 规则1:表示未来的动作或状态常用will/shall+动词原形。 规则2:表示一种趋向或习惯性动作。如:
We'll die without air or water. 规则3:表示趋向行为的动词,如: come,go,start,begin,leave等词,常用现在进行时表示一般将来时。
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规则4:be going to do 与will/shall +do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别:
(1)shall/will do表示事先未考虑过,即说话时临时做出的决定。如:
—You've left the light on.
—Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
(2)在祈使句+and/or+陈述句句型中,陈述句中只能用will/情态动词+动词原形。如:
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
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(3)be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如: If it is fine, we'll go fishing.(√) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×) (4)be to do sth. 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。如: A meeting is to be held at 3:00 this afternoon.
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(5)be about to do sth. 表示“即将,就要”,后面不能接具体时间状语或状语从句。如:
Autumn harvest is about to start.
规则5:一般将来时对应的时间状语常见的有:
tomorrow, today, next week/month…,
in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。